RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Optimal Tax-Loss-Harvesting Implementation JF The Journal of Beta Investment Strategies FD Institutional Investor Journals SP 75 OP 89 DO 10.3905/jbis.2022.13.2.075 VO 13 IS 2 A1 Kevin Khang A1 Alan Cummings A1 Tom Paradise YR 2022 UL https://pm-research.com/content/13/2/75.abstract AB Tax-loss harvesting (TLH) is one of the most objectively quantifiable benefits of direct indexing (DI). Motivated by a wide range of TLH implementations in practice, this article examines the strengths and weaknesses of various modes of TLH implementation. We find that the effectiveness of a TLH strategy varies significantly over two margins: 1) the breadth of loss-harvesting opportunities (from a single fund to individual securities) and 2) the frequency of harvesting (from annual to daily). For DI investors who have a regular stream of significant capital gains to offset, DI with daily harvesting offers the maximal TLH effectiveness in all volatility environments.